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COURSE_ASSIGNMENT_TITLE >> 9. Διαβάστε από το άρθρο «Αποσαφήνιση λέξεων», το τμήμα «Βήματα για την αποσαφήνιση μιας λέξης».

ΑΠΟΣΑΦΗΝΙΣΗ ΛΕΞΕΩΝ

Μια παρανοηµένη λέξη θα παραµείνει παρανοηµένη µέχρι να αποσαφηνίσει κανείς τη σηµασία της. Αφού η λέξη γίνει τελείως κατανοητή από το άτοµο, μπορούμε να πούμε ότι έχει αποσαφηνιστεί.

Οι διαδικασίες που χρησιµοποιούνται για να εντοπιστούν και να αποσαφηνιστούν οι λέξεις που ένας µαθητής έχει παρανοήσει στις σπουδές του φέρουν τον τίτλο Λεξισαφήνιση.Το πρώτο πράγµα που πρέπει να µάθει κάποιος είναι η ακριβής διαδικασία αποσαφήνισης οποιασδήποτε λέξης ή συµβόλου που δεν κατανοεί καθώς διαβάζει ή µελετά. Αυτή η διαδικασία χρησιµοποιείται σε όλη την τεχνολογία της Λεξισαφήνισης.

Τα Βήματα για την Αποσαφήνιση μιας Λέξης

1. Να έχετε πρόχειρο ένα λεξικό ενώ διαβάζετε, ώστε να µπορείτε να αποσαφηνίζετε οποιαδήποτε παρανοηµένη λέξη ή σύµβολο συναντάτε. Μπορείτε να βρείτε ένα απλό, αλλά καλό λεξικό, που το ίδιο να µην περιέχει δύσκολες λέξεις µέσα στους ορισµούς των λέξεων εκείνων που πρέπει να αποσαφηνιστούν.

2. Όταν συναντάτε µια λέξη ή σύµβολο που δεν καταλαβαίνετε, κοιτάξτε τη στο λεξικό και ρίξτε µια γρήγορη µατιά σε όλους τους ορισµούς της, για να βρείτε εκείνον που ταιριάζει, σύµφωνα µε τα συµφραζόµενα του τµήµατος που περιείχε την παρανοηµένη λέξη. ∆ιαβάστε αυτό τον ορισµό και φτιάξτε προτάσεις χρησιµοποιώντας τη λέξη µ’ αυτή τη σηµασία, µέχρι να έχετε µια σαφή έννοια αυτής της σηµασίας της λέξης. Μπορεί να χρειαστούν δέκα ή περισσότερες προτάσεις.

3. Μετά αποσαφηνίστε και τους υπόλοιπους ορισµούς της λέξης, χρησιµοποιώντας κάθε έναν σε προτάσεις, ώσπου να κατανοήσετε πλήρως κάθε ορισµό.

Όταν µια λέξη έχει αρκετούς διαφορετικούς ορισµούς, δεν µπορείτε να περιορίσετε την κατανόηση που έχετε γι’ αυτή τη λέξη σ’ έναν µόνο ορισµό και να πείτε ότι η λέξη έχει «κατανοηθεί». Πρέπει να μπορείτε να κατανοήσετε τη λέξη όταν, κάποια στιγμή αργότερα, μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί με διαφορετικό τρόπο.

Παρ’ όλα αυτά, μην αποσαφηνίζετε τους τεχνικούς ή εξειδικευµένους ορισµούς (µαθηµατικά, βιολογία κ.λπ.) ή τους ορισµούς για τους οποίους το λεξικό αναφέρει ότι έχουν πέσει σε αχρηστία (αν περιλαµβάνονται τέτοιοι στο λεξικό που χρησιµοποιείτε), εκτός αν η λέξη χρησιµοποιείται κατ’ αυτόν τον τρόπο στο τµήµα του κειµένου όπου παρανοήθηκε. Αν το κάνετε, αυτό µπορεί να σας παρασύρει σε πολλές άλλες παρανοηµένες λέξεις οι οποίες περιέχονται σ’ αυτούς τους ορισµούς, και να επιβραδυνθεί κατά πολύ η πρόοδος της µελέτης σας.

4. Το επόµενο πράγµα που πρέπει να γίνει είναι να αποσαφηνιστεί η ετυµολογία, η οποία είναι η εξήγηση της αρχικής προέλευσης της λέξης. Αυτό θα σας βοηθήσει ν’ αποκτήσετε μια βασική κατανόηση της λέξης.

5. Τα περισσότερα λεξικά περιλαµβάνουν και τους ιδιωτισμούς. Ιδιωτισμός είναι μια φράση ή έκφραση η σημασία της οποίας δεν μπορεί να γίνει κατανοητή βάσει των συνηθισμένων εννοιών των λέξεων που την αποτελούν. Για παράδειγμα, η έκφραση «ικανός για όλα» είναι ένας ιδιωτισμός που σημαίνει «άνθρωπος χωρίς δισταγμούς ή ηθικούς φραγμούς». Πάρα πολλές λέξεις χρησιμοποιούνται σε ιδιωτισμούς, και αυτοί συνήθως δίνονται στο λεξικό μετά από τους ορισμούς της ίδιας της λέξης. Αν υπάρχουν ιδιωτισμοί για τη λέξη που αποσαφηνίζετε, τότε τους αποσαφηνίζετε κι αυτούς.

6. Αποσαφηνίστε οποιαδήποτε άλλη πληροφορία δίνεται σχετικά µε τη λέξη, όπως σηµειώσεις σχετικά µε τη χρήση της, συνώνυµα κ.λπ., έτσι ώστε να έχετε µια πλήρη κατανόηση της λέξης. (Συνώνυμο είναι μια λέξη, η οποία έχει παρόμοια, αλλά όχι την ίδια ακριβώς σημασία με μια άλλη λέξη: για παράδειγμα, «λεπτός» και «ισχνός».)

7. Αν βρείτε κάποια παρανοηµένη λέξη ή σύµβολο στον ορισµό µιας λέξης την οποία αποσαφηνίζετε, πρέπει να την αποσαφηνίσετε αµέσως χρησιµοποιώντας την ίδια διαδικασία και µετά να επιστρέψετε στον ορισµό τον οποίο αποσαφηνίζατε. (Τα σύμβολα του λεξικού και οι συντμήσεις δίνονται συνήθως στην αρχή του λεξικού.) Παρ’ όλα αυτά, αν δείτε ότι σπαταλάτε πολύ χρόνο αποσαφηνίζοντας λέξεις που βρίσκετε µέσα σε ορισµούς λέξεων, θα πρέπει να πάρετε ένα απλούστερο λεξικό. Ένα καλό λεξικό σας επιτρέπει να αποσαφηνίσετε μια λέξη χωρίς να χρειάζεται να αποσαφηνίσετε ένα σωρό άλλες στην πορεία.

Παράδειγµα Αποσαφήνισης μιας Λέξης
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Ο παραπάνω είναι ο τρόπος με τον οποίο θα πρέπει ν’ αποσαφηνίζεται μια λέξη. Όταν οι λέξεις είναι κατανοητές, μπορεί να λάβει χώρα επικοινωνία και με την επικοινωνία μπορεί να γίνει κατανοητό οποιοδήποτε θέμα.